Empress Agnes von Poitou (1025- 1077)

Wife to Emperor Heinrich III

1025

Agnes is born into the strong and basically independent Kingdom of Aquitaine. Her father Wilhelm V is the most powerful monarch in the area of France at the time. He is very close to the church and has a dominating influence on it. Because of his scientific interests many clergymen are attracted to his court. Thus Wilhelm gains overwhelming control of the scientific development of the time.

1043

Agnes is crowned Queen of Mainz and marries the well-educated Heinrich III.
Agnes reigns at the side of Heinrich III, intervening for the clerical elite and monarchs from
Italy, Germany and Burgundy. She does not have a land of her own to reign, so she stands politically in her husband’s shadow.
Birth of five children: Mathilde (1045), Judith (1047), Adelheid (1048), Heir Heinrich IV and Conrad (1052).

1046

Queen Agnes and King Heinrich III are crowned Empress and Emperor in Rom.

1056

Death of Heinrich III. Agnes takes over political control for her young son Heinrich IV, who was already crowned King in the year 1054. Her wish is to continue the politics of her deceased husband. She receives support from Pope Victor II and relies on the Archbishops of Mainz and Cologne in questions of foreign politics.

1061

The kingdom of Bavaria is given to the Saxon Count Otto von Nordheim. Agnes is left with no land under her reign, eliminating all her power.
Bishop Cadalus of
Parma is elected the "contra Pope" Honorius II. A schism originates from this conflict and the bishops in favour of the reforms begin to contradict the Emperor.

1062

Agnes is deprived of power by the Archbishop Anno II of Cologne and Adalbert von Hamburg- Bremen. This concludes her reign in the name of her son who is also kidnapped by Anno II.
She goes on a pilgrimage to
Rome where she enters a monastery to serve the Popes Alexander II and later George VII. Her life is from now on dedicated to the church.

1065-1067

Trips to Germany, to assist the church reform.

1066/1067

Agnes and Bishop Altman establish the monastery of Saint Nicolas in Passau.

1072

Trip to Germany to place the now adult Henry IV under the protection of the Pope.

1073

Promotion of Gregory VII to Pope. Agnes supports his efforts. Gregory persuades her to ask the German Bishops to accuse Henry IV’s advisors of being guilty of simony and to ban them (excommunicate).

1074

Last trip to Germany. Due to the intensification of the conflict, she feels the necessity to arbitrate between the two groups in the name of the church.
Appealing to Saint Peter, Pope Gregory VII revokes the rule of Emperor Henry IV and forbids the people to accept him as such.
Agnes retreats to a roman monastery. There she tends to the sick, fasts,  confesses her sins to Petrus Damiani and repents.
Death and burial of Agnes in the
church of Petronilla, a small church connected to the Cathedral of Saint Peter in Rome.

 

Evaluation: Empress Agnes was never very interested in politics and relied on the help of experienced men during her reign. As her reign became more and more a sole conflict mediation, her political power vanished ending her regency

Her contact and relations to the church were totally different. Since Agnes was already raised with the basic principals of reform as a child, she could well relate to the church reform. That is why she invested all her energy into supporting it. She was so close to the church that she took sides with the Pope Gregory VII in his conflict with her son Heirich IV.

edited by: Constanze v. Lessel
translation by: Alexander Heimann
(3.8.2004/13.5.2005)

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